Theodore M. Singelis, Harry C. Triandis, Dharm P. S. Bhawuk, Michele J. Gelfand
Vertical collectivism includes perceiving the self as a part (or an aspect) of a collective and accepting inequalities within the collective. Horizontal collectivism includes perceiving the self as a part of the collective, but seeing all members of the collective as the same; thus equality is stressed. Vertical individualism includes the conception of an autonomous individual and acceptance of inequality. Horizontal individualism includes the conception of an autonomous individual and emphasis on equality.
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